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 <title>The Dominion - Rwanda</title>
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 <title>The Plastic Bag Debate</title>
 <link>http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/4010</link>
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                    Lessons from Rwanda        &lt;/div&gt;
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                    &lt;p&gt;KIGALI, RWANDA&amp;mdash;One of the first things you will likely notice if you have the chance to visit Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, is the extraordinary cleanliness that spans the city. This pleasant reality can be explained by looking closely at how the Rwandese manage their environment. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Of particular importance is their stance on plastics: Rwanda is now entering its fourth year with a nation-wide law banning all plastic bags. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As Canada continues to debate the future role of plastic bags, it is worth looking at the Rwandan example, and understanding how such an initiative operates, and what benefits it can bring. &lt;/p&gt;
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                    &lt;p&gt;Toronto is the only Canadian city with a mandatory fee to the consumer of five cents per bag. However, in recent months Toronto mayor Rob Ford has repeatedly attacked the fee, and has explicitly stated that he wishes to get rid of it. Why you may ask? The answer: consumers are apparently annoyed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A spokeswoman for the mayor, Adrienne Batra, told CBC news in December 2010 that “the mayor speaks with residents every day, and the thorny issue of the bag tax keeps coming up. People are sick and tired of being nickel-and-dimed to death.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It seems that Mayor Ford may be ignoring the facts, as multiple reports have indicated that the tax has greatly reduced the purchase of plastic bags in Canada. For example, Metro grocery stores have reported a drop of 80 per cent since 2009. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This reduction in plastic bag use is important for the Canadian environment, says Franz Hartmann, Executive Director of the Toronto Environmental Alliance. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“Plastic bags require fossil fuels and many chemicals to be produced. This is having a negative impact on the environment, and using up precious materials. They are also a major source of liter in Toronto, and are having a bad impact on wildlife outside the city.” &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although the fee is playing a positive role, it is worth looking past initiatives that simply aim to reduce use and toward those that target outright elimination. The perfect case study is the fight against plastic bags in Rwanda, a fight that has led to their complete demise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For anyone who has travelled in Africa the ubiquitous nature of plastic bags sprawled everywhere is an undeniable reality. The problem has not gone unnoticed though: several African countries have been working to ban plastic bags for years. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Located in Eastern Africa, Rwanda is largely known for its tragic genocide that exploded in April 1994. Since then it has tended to operate as a relatively unknown country outside certain political and economic circles. However, for such a small, developing nation it is home to a variety of unique, forward thinking policies. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2008, Rwanda declared a nation-wide ban on all plastic bags.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The initiative was a response to the two most common ailments caused by plastic: a well documented understanding of plastic&#039;s negative environmental impacts, but equally influential, the extensive physical presence of bags around the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dr. Rose Mukankomje, the Director General of the Rwanda Environmental Authority (REMA), has been at the forefront of this policy, and continues to work on a daily basis to monitor its progress. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“In 2004, the Ministry of the Environment began to conduct studies on the use of plastic bags in Rwanda,” she explains. “At that time people had started to see plastic invading everywhere&amp;mdash;black, yellow, red colored bags&amp;mdash;causing even visual pollution.” &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In addition to the visual pollution, research from the National University of Rwanda reported the widespread environmental consequences of plastic. “Plastic was not only all over the ground, but underneath as well. This hindered agricultural production in Rwanda, as plants cannot grow past the plastic. As well, our water sources were becoming highly polluted with plastic being found inside many dead fish,” Dr. Mukankomje recalls.  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first step was raising awareness about this information. This began in 2005 during the national day of cleaning, called &lt;cite&gt;Umuganda&lt;/cite&gt;. As the communities around Rwanda began to clean up they were asked to collect all the plastic they could find.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“We came up with a huge, huge amount of plastic&amp;mdash;in the land, around our compounds, everywhere&amp;mdash;everyone was scared,” says Dr. Mukankomje.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This event signaled the turning point. It not only sensitized many Rwandans to the problem of plastic within the country, but it got politicians thinking about the issue as well&amp;mdash;President Paul Kagame took part in this event. A nation-wide campaign began by flooding the media. Furthermore, local NGOs and businesses were commissioned to create alternatives&amp;mdash;mainly cotton or banana leaf bags. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The advocacy was a success and in 2008 a bill was finally passed to ban plastic bags within Rwanda. While there was still much resistance from the affected private sector, the culmination of the campaign can largely be attributed to developing a general consensus among Rwandans. Dr. Mukankomje explains, “You need a policy to get rid of plastic bags, but it must be wanted to be successful.” &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The benefits of Rwanda’s plastic bag ban were quickly evident: in 2008 UN Habitat named Kigali the cleanest city in all of Africa. Now three years since the bill was passed, Rwanda remains a plastic bag-free country, and has developed a reputation across the region for its extreme cleanliness. The passing of the bill coupled with Rwanda’s monthly day of cleaning has insured that it remains this way, and will continue for the foreseeable future. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As Toronto debates the future of plastic bags, the story of Rwanda, now more than ever, should be considered. Though different in many fundamental ways, Canada, like Rwanda, relies greatly on its natural resources. Thus, the future health of the land is of pivotal importance in both countries. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“Human civilization has worked just fine without plastic bags. It’s only been in the last 30 years that they’ve reared their ugly head,” says Hartmann. “Getting rid of them completely is the best solution. I don’t see what the issue is.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Eliminating plastic bags will play a huge first step in curbing the prevalence of plastics in the Canadian environment. As Dr. Mukankomje frames it, “We must not see this as a challenge, but as an opportunity.” &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mayor Ford, take note. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Ryan Kohls is a freelance journalist out of Peterborough, Ontario.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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                    &lt;a href=&quot;/images/4011&quot;&gt;Bag in tree&lt;/a&gt;        &lt;/div&gt;
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 <comments>http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/4010#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/author/ryan_kohls">Ryan Kohls</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/issue/77">77</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/topics/ecology">ecology</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/topics/environment">environment</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/section/environment">Environment</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/topics/platic_bags">platic bags</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/topics/pollution">pollution</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/topics/rob_ford">rob ford</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/geography/africa">Africa</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/geography/ontario">Ontario</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/place/rwanda">Rwanda</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/place/toronto">Toronto</category>
 <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jun 2011 05:34:14 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Tim McSorley</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">4010 at http://www.dominionpaper.ca</guid>
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 <title>A Pharm Reduction Approach</title>
 <link>http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/3288</link>
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                    Canada’s Access to Medicines Regime barely workable        &lt;/div&gt;
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                    &lt;p&gt;MONTREAL&amp;mdash;The city of Montreal is set to be centre-stage in the coming months as a battle is waged between brand-name pharmaceutical companies, MPs, and a host of civil society organizations.&lt;br /&gt;
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At stake is Bill C-393 (or drugs for international humanitarian purposes), a bill supporters say will help make Canada’s Access to Medicines Regime (CAMR) more workable.&lt;br /&gt;
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Passed in 2004, CAMR was intended to facilitate the export of life-saving, generic medicines to “developing” countries.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Under CAMR, if patent-holders will not grant a voluntary license to the generic manufacturer, the company can approach the Canadian Commissioner of Patents and request a compulsory license be issued. This would give the manufacturer the right to by-pass patent holder&#039;s rights and produce a given medication, and in theory, allow generic medicines to be produced for export in public health emergencies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But some organizations, including the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network and Canadian Grandmothers for Africa, say the legislation is unnecessarily bureaucratic and must be reformed; thus far, a single order of medications has left the country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C-393 has passed its second reading in the House of Commons but is expected to continue to face opposition from several Montreal MPs including Liberal Science and Technology critic Marc Garneau and Liberal MP Stephane Dion. Dion’s riding, Saint Laurent-Cartierville, is home to such brand-name, research-based pharmaceutical companies as Abbott Laboratories, AstraZeneca and Glaxo Smith Kline. Russell Williams, President of Rx&amp;amp;D, the association that advocates on behalf of Canada’s research-based pharmaceutical companies, has repeatedly stated that CAMR does not need to be reformed.&lt;/p&gt;
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                    &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bureaucracy bars access&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Shortly after CAMR was passed in 2004, Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) approached Canadian generic manufacturer Apotex Inc. and urged them to produce a much-needed generic AIDS medication.  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As Rachel Kiddell-Munroe, then Coordinator of MSF’s Access to Essential Medicines Campaign describes, Apotex had to overcome a daunting series of hurdles to make use of CAMR. These included applying to have the drug added to a list of medications eligible for use under CAMR, getting it tested by Health Canada despite the fact that it was pre-qualified by the World Health Organization and attempting to negotiate a voluntary license with Canadian patent-holders, a license none of the brand-name pharmaceutical companies was willing to grant in terms Apotex found acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“CAMR is extremely complex. These processes took over two years,” says Kiddell-Munroe of the back-and-forth she witnessed between Apotex, Health Canada and the Canadian patent-holders.  &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even after going through these steps, the long journey was not over. MSF and Apotex still had to wait for a country to request the medication. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2007, Rwanda became the first and only country to ask for Canada’s help when it told the World Trade Organization (WTO) that it wanted to buy 260,000 packages of a triple-drug antiretroviral therapy&amp;mdash;enough to treat 21,000 HIV-positive people for one year. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It wasn’t until September 2007, three years after CAMR was first passed, that Apotex was granted a compulsory license&amp;mdash;the main aim of CAMR&amp;mdash;and could finally begin production of the life-saving medication to send to Rwanda.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kiddell-Munroe says these delays are unacceptable. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“Ten million people die each year from diseases that have available cures. Nearly a third of the world’s population does not have regular access to essential medicines, and in the least developed countries of Africa and Asia, this figure is more than fifty per cent,” she says.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Barking up the wrong tree&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As Richard Elliott, Executive Director of the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network explains, CAMR is made much more complicated than it needs be. The generic manufacturer is required to apply for a separate compulsory license for each country to which it wants to export, and for each quantity it wants to export. Elliott is an advocate for the “one-license solution” proposed in Bill C-393, explaining how it would work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“You instead give the generic manufacturer a license that’s not limited to supplying one country but is actually authorization to supply multiple countries already named in the legislation; and you don’t fix the quantity ahead of time, because obviously you need to actually discuss with those countries what their needs are and those needs will change over time,” says Elliott.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Critics of reform, including Montreal-area Liberal MP Bernard Patry, argue that changes proposed in Bill C-393 would stifle innovation and remove incentives for research and development in Canada. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“Recognizing intellectual property rights is crucial for the future discovery of drugs that will save lives,” said Patry in the House of Commons in November 2009, during the bill’s second reading.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“If we do not protect intellectual property rights, we will deprive ourselves of key research, not only in the pharmaceutical sector but in all sectors driven by research,” he said. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As Elliott explains, generic medications manufactured under CAMR can only be exported to a limited list of low-income countries, pre-determined by the WTO.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“CAMR excludes export to all of the countries that account for the vast majority of the profits made by the brand-name pharmaceutical industry,” says Elliott. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“In doing this [reforming CAMR], there is nothing that would in any way undermine the ongoing presence of the brand-name pharmaceutical industry in Canada, in Quebec, so he’s barking up the wrong tree.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Garneau has repeatedly voiced concerns that reforming CAMR will do little to actually improve access to medicines.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“The reasons why CAMR does not work as we had hoped have to do with real problems in the field, in the countries that need these medicines,” he said in the House of Commons during debate on C-393.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“They have to do with access to properly trained medical staff. ... In short, they have to do with poverty.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Elliott says that alleviating poverty and reforming CAMR are not mutually exclusive.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“We know from experience that having compulsory licensing regimes that work, and the competition by generics that they enable, is what brings the prices of medicines down for developing countries. ... If you can actually make the medicines affordable, then whatever resources you mobilize to actually buy the medicines will go that much further,” he says.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kiddell-Munroe agrees. “You cannot have doctors and nurses in beautifully pristine clinics in the middle of Africa and they’ve got no drugs in their pharmacy,” she says. “It’s not one or the other. It&#039;s both.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Garneau’s office did not respond to &lt;cite&gt;The Dominion’s&lt;/cite&gt; request for a comment. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nikki Bozinoff is a Montreal-based writer, agitator and health-enthusiast.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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                    &lt;a href=&quot;/images/3296&quot;&gt;Fenced In Pharmaceuticals&lt;/a&gt;        &lt;/div&gt;
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                    &lt;a href=&quot;/images/3291&quot;&gt;Students calling for CAMR reform outside MP Marc Garneau&amp;#039;s office&lt;/a&gt;        &lt;/div&gt;
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 <comments>http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/3288#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/author/nikki_bozinoff">Nikki Bozinoff</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/issue/69">69</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/section/health">Health</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/topics/health">health</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/topics/medicare">medicare</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/geography/canada">Canada</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/geography/africa">Africa</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/geography/quebec">Quebec</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/city_region/montreal">Montreal</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/place/rwanda">Rwanda</category>
 <pubDate>Fri, 09 Apr 2010 05:38:25 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Maya Rolbin-Ghanie</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">3288 at http://www.dominionpaper.ca</guid>
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<item>
 <title>Génocide rwandais : La presse française au ban des accusés</title>
 <link>http://www.dominionpaper.ca/francais/2005/08/17/genocide_r.html</link>
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                    Entretien avec Jean-Paul Gouteux        &lt;/div&gt;
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                    &lt;p&gt;   Le rapport de la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.enquete-citoyenne-rwanda.org&quot;&gt;Commission d&#039;enqu&amp;ecirc;te citoyenne&lt;/a&gt; sur le r&amp;ocirc;le de la France durant le g&amp;eacute;nocide rwandais L&#039;horreur qui nous prend au visage est paru en mars dernier. Il d&amp;eacute;nonce entre autres l&#039;implication fran&amp;ccedil;aise sur le plan m&amp;eacute;diatique. Jean-Paul Gouteux, sp&amp;eacute;cialiste de la question rwandaise, nous rappelle la tendance n&amp;eacute;ocolonialiste de la presse fran&amp;ccedil;aise en Afrique.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;imagebox&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; float:none; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;rwanda1_web.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://dominionpaper.ca/img/francais/rwanda1_web.jpg&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tribunal Gacaca. &lt;span class=&quot;photocredit&quot;&gt;Photographe: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.juliepudlowski.com&quot;&gt;www.juliepudlowski.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Le Dominion : La plupart des m&amp;eacute;dias fran&amp;ccedil;ais ont d&amp;eacute;crit dans un premier temps le conflit rwandais de 1994 comme le r&amp;eacute;sultat de l&#039;exacerbation d&#039;un antagonisme culturel et s&amp;eacute;culaire entre Hutus et Tutsis. D&#039;un point de vue religieux, social, linguistique et historique, peut-on dire que Hutu et Tutsi font parties de deux ethnies distinctes ?&lt;/strong&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jean-Paul Gouteux :&lt;/strong&gt; Hutu et Tutsi sont des cat&amp;eacute;gories sociales, d&amp;eacute;termin&amp;eacute;es autrefois par leur activit&amp;eacute; socioprofessionnelle : &amp;eacute;levage pour les Tutsi, agriculture pour les Hutu. Ils parlent la m&amp;ecirc;me langue et ont la m&amp;ecirc;me culture. Aujourd&#039;hui cette distinction en agriculteurs et &amp;eacute;leveurs n&#039;a plus de sens. En revanche la vision racialiste des administrateurs coloniaux allemands, puis belges et surtout de l&#039;&amp;Eacute;glise catholique s&#039;est peu &amp;agrave; peu impos&amp;eacute;e. Ces cat&amp;eacute;gories ont &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; reprises par les colons belges, racialis&amp;eacute;es et inscrites sur les cartes d&#039;identit&amp;eacute;s rwandaises. Monseigneur Perraudin, repr&amp;eacute;sentant le Vatican au Rwanda, parlait des &amp;laquo; races &amp;raquo; hutu et tutsi. Il fut l&#039;un des initiateurs d&#039;une &amp;laquo; r&amp;eacute;volution &amp;raquo; sur fond ethnique qui &amp;agrave; conduit aux premiers massacres de la population civile tutsi au d&amp;eacute;but des ann&amp;eacute;es soixante.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Historiquement, les guerres qui ont permis d&#039;agrandir le royaume du Rwanda tout au long des si&amp;egrave;cles, opposaient l&#039;arm&amp;eacute;e rwandaise, comprenant Tutsi, Hutu et Twa &amp;agrave; d&#039;autres arm&amp;eacute;es des diff&amp;eacute;rents royaumes de la r&amp;eacute;gion. La tradition des conflits entre Hutu et Tutsi, pr&amp;eacute;sent&amp;eacute;e trivialement comme l&#039;explication du g&amp;eacute;nocide, n&#039;existe tout simplement pas, elle n&#039;est qu&#039;un des ingr&amp;eacute;dients de la propagande servant &amp;agrave; attiser ces conflits.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le soi-disant conflit ethnique fut donc une construction id&amp;eacute;ologique servant les fins politiques du gouvernement et des extr&amp;eacute;mistes de l&#039;&amp;eacute;poque ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;D&amp;eacute;signer un bouc &amp;eacute;missaire, en l&#039;occurrence la population civile tutsi, est &amp;eacute;minemment politique. C&#039;est une vieille recette us&amp;eacute;e jusqu&#039;&amp;agrave; la corde pas les populismes et les fascismes europ&amp;eacute;ens. Les deux r&amp;eacute;publiques hutu successives, la premi&amp;egrave;re domin&amp;eacute;e par des Hutu du centre, la seconde par des Hutu du nord, se sont largement servies de cette &amp;laquo; arme de manipulation massive &amp;raquo;. Avec l&#039;av&amp;egrave;nement du Hutu Power, mouvement raciste transcendant les partis politiques, cette d&amp;eacute;rive prit la forme du &amp;laquo; nazisme tropical &amp;raquo; que l&#039;on conna&amp;icirc;t et qui a abouti au g&amp;eacute;nocide de la population tutsi en 1994.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;imagebox&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;rwanda2_web.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://dominionpaper.ca/img/francais/rwanda2_web.jpg&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M&amp;eacute;morial. &lt;span class=&quot;photocredit&quot;&gt;Photographe: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.juliepudlowski.com&quot;&gt;www.juliepudlowski.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;   &lt;/div&gt; La vision racialiste des colonisateurs a fini par &amp;ecirc;tre totalement int&amp;eacute;gr&amp;eacute;e par les intellectuels rwandais et certainement beaucoup moins par le menu peuple. Si les dirigeants pouvaient organiser p&amp;eacute;riodiquement des s&amp;eacute;ries de pogromes antitutsi en exacerbant la haine ethnique, c&#039;est parce que nombre d&#039;intellectuels hutu l&#039;acceptaient et trouvaient l&amp;agrave; le moyen d&#039;entretenir leur conviction et leur bonne conscience. Ce sont en effet ces intellectuels qui b&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;ficiaient de l&#039;exclusion des Tutsi de la comp&amp;eacute;tition pour les postes administratifs. Le jeu est donc complexe entre la manipulation du racisme par le pouvoir - qui permettait d&#039;occulter les probl&amp;egrave;mes sociaux en d&amp;eacute;signant un bouc &amp;eacute;missaire - et l&#039;acceptation ou la surench&amp;egrave;re de ceux qui en tiraient de petits privil&amp;egrave;ges.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Des victimes rwandaises du g&amp;eacute;nocide ont m&amp;ecirc;me saisi la justice fran&amp;ccedil;aise de plainte contre X. Pensez-vous sinc&amp;egrave;rement que des responsables fran&amp;ccedil;ais, politiques ou militaires, puissent un jour &amp;ecirc;tre jug&amp;eacute;s et que la France fassent des excuses publiques aux victimes du g&amp;eacute;nocide ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Je suis intimement persuad&amp;eacute; que la v&amp;eacute;rit&amp;eacute; sur un g&amp;eacute;nocide ne peut &amp;ecirc;tre totalement occult&amp;eacute;e. Le ph&amp;eacute;nom&amp;egrave;ne est trop grave et fait appel &amp;agrave; une conscience universelle, celle de l&#039;humanit&amp;eacute; tout enti&amp;egrave;re. Ceux qui pensent que leurs turpitudes politiques, parce qu&#039;elles se d&amp;eacute;roulaient dans &amp;laquo; le trou noir &amp;raquo; de l&#039;Afrique, &amp;laquo; au c&amp;oelig;ur des t&amp;eacute;n&amp;egrave;bres &amp;raquo; pour reprendre l&#039;expression de Joseph Conrad,  serait &amp;agrave; jamais m&amp;eacute;connu, se trompent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Cette plainte de victimes rwandaises est donc d&#039;une importance fondamentale. Nous verrons bien dans la suite qui lui sera donn&amp;eacute;e o&amp;ugrave; en est l&#039;information et l&#039;&amp;eacute;tat des consciences en France sur ce drame, &amp;agrave; la fois des juges et de la population. Mais il y en aura d&#039;autres, comme il y aura d&#039;autres r&amp;eacute;v&amp;eacute;lations, toujours plus embarrassantes pour l&#039;&amp;Eacute;tat fran&amp;ccedil;ais.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dix ans apr&amp;egrave;s le g&amp;eacute;nocide et autant d&#039;ann&amp;eacute;es de d&amp;eacute;nonciation de la part des victimes et des associations militantes, la gravit&amp;eacute; de la complicit&amp;eacute; fran&amp;ccedil;aise commence seulement &amp;agrave; faire surface. Les m&amp;eacute;dias sont-ils pour beaucoup dans la lenteur de la sensibilisation du public et des politiques ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Pour ce qui concerne l&#039;Afrique, il y a une tradition journalistique qui est de limiter l&#039;information aux clich&amp;eacute;s ethniques, sans aucune analyse digne de ce nom et surtout de r&amp;eacute;percuter la politique africaine de la France sans aucune critique. Les m&amp;eacute;dias fran&amp;ccedil;ais ne s&#039;int&amp;eacute;ressent jamais aux questions de fond sur l&#039;Afrique. L&#039;image cultiv&amp;eacute;e est celle de l&#039;ethnicit&amp;eacute; et du tribalisme, c&#039;est-&amp;agrave;-dire qu&#039;ils ne parlent que de la forme et des moyens de ces manipulations politiques, jamais des manipulations politiques en elles-m&amp;ecirc;mes. En France les m&amp;eacute;dias restent ob&amp;eacute;issants et l&#039;opinion est toujours sous contr&amp;ocirc;le. Cela peut changer.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Il faut que l&#039;opinion europ&amp;eacute;enne s&#039;&amp;eacute;mancipe de l&#039;expertise fran&amp;ccedil;aise en ce qui concerne l&#039;Afrique. On peut consid&amp;eacute;rer deux cas de figure : ou l&#039;Europe refuse l&#039;h&amp;eacute;g&amp;eacute;monie des dirigeants fran&amp;ccedil;ais sur la politique africaine et constituera le moteur du changement de l&#039;opinion publique fran&amp;ccedil;aise, ou nos sp&amp;eacute;cialistes, les diplomates et leurs officines, parviennent &amp;agrave; la contr&amp;ocirc;ler, ce qui serait un sc&amp;eacute;nario catastrophe que l&#039;Afrique payerait tr&amp;egrave;s cher.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;En 1994, on &amp;eacute;tait en plein dans ce sch&amp;eacute;ma de d&amp;eacute;sinformation larv&amp;eacute;e. Il est r&amp;eacute;trospectivement accablant, devant l&#039;horreur et la dimension du drame qui s&#039;est d&amp;eacute;roul&amp;eacute; pendant trois mois au Rwanda, de relire la presse fran&amp;ccedil;aise de cette &amp;eacute;poque. La couverture a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; minimaliste. Certes, la responsabilit&amp;eacute; de la presse a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; ainsi engag&amp;eacute;e. Il y avait au moins deux fa&amp;ccedil;ons d&#039;emp&amp;ecirc;cher le drame. La premi&amp;egrave;re &amp;eacute;tait de r&amp;eacute;v&amp;eacute;ler l&#039;ampleur du crime d&amp;egrave;s avril 1994 et ainsi de susciter un mouvement d&#039;opinion pour arr&amp;ecirc;ter l&#039;intol&amp;eacute;rable. La seconde &amp;eacute;tait de r&amp;eacute;v&amp;eacute;ler l&#039;implication des autorit&amp;eacute;s fran&amp;ccedil;aises, qui auraient alors &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; oblig&amp;eacute;es de bloquer leurs alli&amp;eacute;s g&amp;eacute;nocidaires. Ni l&#039;un ni l&#039;autre n&#039;a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; fait. La presse et les autres m&amp;eacute;dias fran&amp;ccedil;ais ont &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; au-dessous de tout, restant fid&amp;egrave;les &amp;agrave; leurs habitudes sur l&#039;Afrique.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Globalement, l&#039;information sur ce domaine en France reste toujours d&amp;eacute;sertifi&amp;eacute;e, limit&amp;eacute;e &amp;agrave; la langue de bois des discours officiels que critique, tr&amp;egrave;s mal, les incompr&amp;eacute;hensions de la presse contestataire. &lt;em&gt;&amp;laquo; C&#039;est le discours de &quot;la France, meilleure amie de l&#039;Afrique&quot;, &quot;plus grande donatrice&quot;, &quot;patrie des droits de l&#039;homme&quot;, &quot;avocate de l&#039;Afrique&quot;, tous ces slogans politico m&amp;eacute;diatiques que l&#039;on entend si souvent et qui ont encore une &amp;eacute;tonnante efficacit&amp;eacute; &amp;raquo;&lt;/em&gt; comme l&#039;explique Fran&amp;ccedil;ois-Xavier Verschave de l&#039;ONG &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.survie-France.org&quot;&gt;Survie&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Citons un exemple assez r&amp;eacute;cent, un entretien avec le r&amp;eacute;dacteur en chef de La lettre du Continent paru dans le journal contestataire fran&amp;ccedil;ais Charlie Hebdo du 23 f&amp;eacute;vrier 2005 et dont le titre r&amp;eacute;sume l&#039;essentiel du message de d&amp;eacute;sinformation : &lt;em&gt;&amp;laquo; La France n&#039;a plus les moyens de jouer les bons p&amp;egrave;res de famille en Afrique &amp;raquo;&lt;/em&gt;. La Lettre du continent est une publication bien renseign&amp;eacute;e, trop bien m&amp;ecirc;me, de toute &amp;eacute;vidence tr&amp;egrave;s proche des services secrets fran&amp;ccedil;ais et pour cela tr&amp;egrave;s pris&amp;eacute;e dans les milieux de la &lt;em&gt;&amp;laquo; Fran&amp;ccedil;afrique &amp;raquo;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Il semble aujourd&#039;hui que la situation change lentement, mais s&amp;ucirc;rement. Ainsi la r&amp;eacute;pression du pouvoir togolais contre la population civile qui s&#039;oppose &amp;agrave; son hold-up &amp;eacute;lectoral ne passe plus comme une lettre &amp;agrave; la poste. M&amp;ecirc;me RFI ne semble plus totalement contr&amp;ocirc;l&amp;eacute; par le pouvoir chiraquien, l&#039;information est beaucoup plus objective et les journalistes de cette radio ont protest&amp;eacute; contre la suppression du site Internet de RFI et des informations qui contrevenaient au soutien que Paris apporte toujours &amp;agrave; la dictature togolaise.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Dans votre livre,&lt;cite&gt; &lt;cite&gt;Le Monde&lt;/cite&gt;, un contre-pouvoir ?&lt;/cite&gt;, vous critiquez s&amp;eacute;v&amp;egrave;rement les m&amp;eacute;thodes de d&amp;eacute;sinformation et de manipulation sur le g&amp;eacute;nocide rwandais, et notamment l&#039;attitude malhonn&amp;ecirc;te des envoy&amp;eacute;s sp&amp;eacute;ciaux de l&#039;&amp;eacute;poque. Vous dites entre autres que &lt;em&gt;&amp;laquo; &lt;cite&gt;Le Monde&lt;/cite&gt;, en tant qu&#039;instrument docile [de la politique fran&amp;ccedil;aise de collaboration avec le Rwanda] a sa part de responsabilit&amp;eacute; dans l&#039;incompr&amp;eacute;hension des Fran&amp;ccedil;ais et leur passivit&amp;eacute; devant l&#039;horreur qui s&#039;accomplissait &amp;raquo;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Les conclusions provisoires de la Commission d&#039;enqu&amp;ecirc;te citoyenne sur les m&amp;eacute;dias et id&amp;eacute;ologies nuancent leurs accusations. Je cite : &lt;em&gt;&amp;laquo; La plupart des envoy&amp;eacute;s sp&amp;eacute;ciaux ont fait leur travail et rapport&amp;eacute; les faits (...), ils n&#039;ont pas d&amp;eacute;guis&amp;eacute; la responsabilit&amp;eacute; de la France depuis 1990 &amp;raquo;&lt;/em&gt;, puis &lt;em&gt;&amp;laquo; Cependant, certains de ces envoy&amp;eacute;s sp&amp;eacute;ciaux, des &amp;eacute;ditorialistes et des r&amp;eacute;dactions parisiennes ont eu tendance &amp;agrave; r&amp;eacute;percuter le discours de diabolisation du FPR (...) &amp;raquo;&lt;/em&gt;. Souscrivez-vous &amp;agrave; cette analyse des faits ?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Pas exactement. D&#039;abord je ne pense pas qu&#039;il y ait une &lt;em&gt;&amp;laquo; responsabilit&amp;eacute; de la France &amp;raquo;&lt;/em&gt;. Il s&#039;agit de diverses responsabilit&amp;eacute;s de dirigeants fran&amp;ccedil;ais, politiques et militaires, engag&amp;eacute;s dans une &amp;eacute;troite collaboration avec un &amp;Eacute;tat pr&amp;eacute;-g&amp;eacute;nocidaire, puis g&amp;eacute;nocidaire. Parler de &amp;laquo; La France &amp;raquo; &amp;eacute;vite simplement d&#039;avoir &amp;agrave; les identifier et d&#039;avoir &amp;agrave; analyser les responsabilit&amp;eacute;s de chacun. L&#039;utilisation de cette expression globalisante &amp;eacute;vite l&#039;analyse et r&amp;eacute;v&amp;egrave;le clairement les limites de cette commission, ou plut&amp;ocirc;t l&#039;intention de certains de ses membres, notamment ceux qui ont travaill&amp;eacute; sur le dossier m&amp;eacute;diatique. Mais heureusement les faits sont l&amp;agrave;, et ce sont eux qui ont eu le dernier mot.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;L&#039;occultation m&amp;eacute;diatique du g&amp;eacute;nocide a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; tr&amp;egrave;s consensuelle et s&#039;est poursuivit jusqu&#039;en 1998. Elle a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; bris&amp;eacute;e par la s&amp;eacute;rie d&#039;articles de Patrick de Saint-Exup&amp;eacute;ry publi&amp;eacute;e dans &lt;cite&gt;Le Figaro&lt;/cite&gt; au d&amp;eacute;but de 1998. Ces articles ont lib&amp;eacute;r&amp;eacute; la presse et provoqu&amp;eacute; imm&amp;eacute;diatement la mise sur pied d&#039;une Mission d&#039;information par le pouvoir fran&amp;ccedil;ais pour &amp;eacute;touffer le scandale. Il y a &amp;eacute;videmment des nuances sur la responsabilit&amp;eacute; de la presse. Relever comme je l&#039;ai fait la d&amp;eacute;sinformation dans un journal comme &lt;cite&gt;Le Monde&lt;/cite&gt; n&#039;emp&amp;ecirc;che pas de reconna&amp;icirc;tre qu&#039;il y a d&#039;excellents journalistes dans ce journal et qu&#039;il s&#039;y &amp;eacute;crit de tr&amp;egrave;s bons articles.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pensez-vous &amp;eacute;galement que la d&amp;eacute;sinformation a pour origine une discordance des points de vue entre journalistes et r&amp;eacute;dactions ou bien qu&#039;il s&#039;agit d&#039;un probl&amp;egrave;me de m&amp;eacute;connaissance du contexte historique, social et politique des &amp;eacute;v&amp;egrave;nements de l&#039;&amp;eacute;poque de la part des journalistes ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Il est clair qu&#039;il existe un journalisme de connivence et une ind&amp;eacute;cente proximit&amp;eacute; entre hommes politiques et hommes de m&amp;eacute;dias, c&#039;est-&amp;agrave;-dire journalistes, r&amp;eacute;dacteurs en chefs, directeurs et propri&amp;eacute;taires. La connivence entre &lt;cite&gt;Le Monde&lt;/cite&gt; et le chef des services fran&amp;ccedil;ais, la DGSE, est m&amp;ecirc;me apparue au grand jour de l&#039;aveu m&amp;ecirc;me du directeur de la DGSE, Claude Silberzahn. Il &amp;eacute;crit que le directeur de ce journal, Jean-Marie Colombani, et son sp&amp;eacute;cialiste militaire, &amp;eacute;taient &amp;laquo; ses amis &amp;raquo; avec qui il &amp;laquo; complotait &amp;raquo; quelques bons coups m&amp;eacute;diatiques.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mais d&#039;autres journalistes &amp;eacute;vitent de rentrer dans ce jeu, dangereux pour la libert&amp;eacute;, avec les officines du pouvoir. Corinne Lesnes par exemple a &amp;eacute;crit dans &lt;cite&gt;Le Monde&lt;/cite&gt;, en 1994 de tr&amp;egrave;s bons articles, s&#039;engageant dans l&#039;analyse et apportant ainsi des &amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;ments indispensables pour la compr&amp;eacute;hension de la crise. Disons aussi, et je le tiens d&#039;une amie commune, qu&#039;elle a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; censur&amp;eacute;e par sa r&amp;eacute;daction au point d&#039;en pleurer.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Il en est de m&amp;ecirc;me pour Agn&amp;egrave;s Rotivel, journaliste au journal chr&amp;eacute;tien La Croix. Elle l&#039;explique tr&amp;egrave;s bien elle-m&amp;ecirc;me : &lt;em&gt;&amp;laquo; Le probl&amp;egrave;me s&#039;est pos&amp;eacute; avec la r&amp;eacute;daction lorsque j&#039;ai ramen&amp;eacute; un papier sur l&#039;&amp;Eacute;glise au Rwanda, (&amp;hellip;) La Croix n&#039;a pas &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; capable d&#039;assumer cela jusqu&#039;au bout. C&#039;&amp;eacute;tait un article qui s&#039;appuyait sur des faits r&amp;eacute;els [&amp;eacute;voquant notamment Monseigneur Perraudin]. (&amp;hellip;). J&#039;&amp;eacute;tais tr&amp;egrave;s furieuse. Je lui ai dit [au r&amp;eacute;dacteur en chef] qu&#039;il fallait faire tr&amp;egrave;s attention, que l&#039;on avait affaire &amp;agrave; des pr&amp;ecirc;tres et que cela arrangeait tout &lt;cite&gt;Le Monde&lt;/cite&gt;  de voir les probl&amp;egrave;mes &amp;agrave; travers l&#039;ethnie. Cela arrangeait le gouvernement fran&amp;ccedil;ais et l&#039;&amp;Eacute;glise. Il ne s&#039;agissait que d&#039;une histoire de Tutsi et de Hutu. (&amp;hellip;) Mon texte est pass&amp;eacute; pendant que j&#039;&amp;eacute;tais absente. Le responsable du service religieux a censur&amp;eacute; mon papier d&#039;environ deux tiers. &amp;raquo;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tous les journalistes n&#039;ont h&amp;eacute;las pas eu la m&amp;ecirc;me probit&amp;eacute;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jean-Paul gouteux est entomologiste &amp;agrave; l&#039;Institut fran&amp;ccedil;ais de Recherche pour le D&amp;eacute;veloppement (IRD). Il est l&#039;auteur de trois ouvrages majeurs et de nombreux articles sur le g&amp;eacute;nocide rwandais.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;Agrave; lire :&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Un g&amp;eacute;nocide secret d&#039;&amp;Eacute;tat. La France au Rwanda 1990-1997.&lt;/cite&gt; Editions Sociales, 1998.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Le Monde, un contre-pouvoir ? D&amp;eacute;sinformation et manipulation sur le g&amp;eacute;nocide rwandais.&lt;/cite&gt; L&#039;esprit Frappeur, 1999.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Un g&amp;eacute;nocide sans importance. La Fran&amp;ccedil;afrique au Rwanda.&lt;/cite&gt; Editions Tahin-Party, 2001.&lt;/p&gt;        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            &lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;img alt=&quot;rwanda2_fp.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://dominionpaper.ca/img/francais/rwanda2_fp.jpg&quot; width=&quot;230&quot; height=&quot;133&quot; /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Jean-Paul Gouteux&lt;/strong&gt;, sp&amp;eacute;cialiste de la question rwandaise, nous rappelle la tendance n&amp;eacute;ocolonialiste de la presse fran&amp;ccedil;aise en Afrique.        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/author/vivien_jaboeuf">Vivien Jaboeuf</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/issue/30">30</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/section/francais">Français</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/topics/media">media</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/geography/africa">Africa</category>
 <category domain="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/place/rwanda">Rwanda</category>
 <pubDate>Wed, 17 Aug 2005 11:31:32 +0000</pubDate>
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 <guid isPermaLink="false">323 at http://www.dominionpaper.ca</guid>
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